Capped Head-Draped Bust Half Eagle 1807-1834

CAPPED BUST FIVE DOLLARS OR HALF EAGLE (1807-1834)

1807

1808 Look for the slightly tougher 1808/7 over date.

1809/8 These are all 1809/8 over dates.

1810 Found with different combinations of Small or Large Dates and Small or Tall 5's.

1811 Found with Small and Tall 5's.

1812

1813

1814/3 These are all 1814/3 over dates.

1815 Extremely rare - only 10-20 are known.

1818 Perhaps the most interesting variety has no space between STATES OF on the reverse.

1819 On one variety, the denomination was improperly cut into the die, resulting in 5 D over 5 O.

1820 Found with Curved and Flat Base 2's.

1821

1822 Either the mintage is wrong or most were melted, as only three examples are known today.

1823

1824

1825 Most of these are 1825/1 over dates. Only two examples are known of the 1825/4 over date.

1826

1827

1828 Both the Normal Date and the 1828/7 over date are extremely rare.

1829 Comes with Large and Small Dates.

1830 Found with Large or Small D's at the base of the reverse.

1831 Found with Large or Small D's at the base of the reverse.

1832 Found with Curved or Flat Based 2's in the date. The Curved Base 2 is extremely rare.

1833 Found with Large and Small Dates.

1834 Found with Plain and Crosslet 4's

Capped Bust Half Eagles 1807-12

Scot was sixty-two in 1807 when the new mint director, Robert Patterson, implored Jefferson for permission to formally hire Reich. Patterson immediately assigned Reich to revamp all the coinage designs. He began with the half dollar and half eagle, the two "workhorses" of commerce in that era, preferred by banks for international payments and reserves.

The Capped Bust motif Reich created for the 1807 half eagle features a buxom Miss Liberty facing left, flanked by seven stars to the left and six to the right. She is wearing a cloth cap inscribed LIBERTY, with curly hair falling out from the edge of her cap down to her shoulder. Reich's Liberty has a distinctly European look, completely different from any previous depiction. When the coins entered circulation, newspapers of the day sardonically reported that Reich's rendition was actually modeled after "the artist's fat mistress." Although the designer's initials were not on the coin, almost all of Reich's obverses have a characteristic notched point on the lowest star on the right-as his "signature." On the half eagles, the notch faces the coin's border. His reverse design depicts an eagle with outstretched wings, perched on a palm branch and holding three arrows in its claws. The motto E PLURIBUS UNUM appears on a ribbon above the eagle, and the inscriptions UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and 5D. surround the central design. One of Reich's innovations was to place the denomination on gold and silver coins. Except for the copper coins and the 1796-97 half dollars, earlier designs had no indication of value, commonly passing by weight and fineness.

The Philadelphia Mint struck only 399,013 half eagles of this type between 1807 and 1812, and many were melted in later years, suffering the same fate as most U.S. gold minted before 1834. Although there are some very scarce varieties such as 1808/7 and the 1810 small or large dates with small 5, these are usually only of interest to the dedicated specialist. Complete date sets are within the reach of many collectors, although the design is generally collected as a "type."

In the past, this series was a target of counterfeiters and many dangerous pieces still exist: Any questionable specimens should be authenticated. Wear first shows on Liberty's hair and cap, and on the eagle's wing tips, neck and claws.

In 1813, Reich eliminated the bosom and drapery of Liberty and rearranged the stars, creating the Capped Head design. He quit in disgust in 1817, never receiving a raise or promotion in ten years. His design, however, would last much longer than his tenure at the Mint, appearing on the half eagle until 1834. In 1818, Scot remodeled Reich's Capped Head half eagle, fashioning an almost identical, but cruder rendition of the original. Scot would remain in the position of Chief Engraver until his death in 1823.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Diameter: 25 millimeters

Weight: 8.75 grams

Composition: .9167 gold, .0833 copper

Edge: Reeded

Net Weight: .25788 ounce pure gold

Mint Mark: None. All were minted at the Philadelphia Mint.

Courtesy Numismatic Guarantee Corp. (NGC).

Capped Head Half Eagles 1813-34

By 1813, the half eagle was the only U.S. gold coin being produced. Eagle coinage ceased in 1804 and quarter eagles hadn't been minted since 1808. What little gold found its way to the Mint usually came from banks, and bankers generally preferred their bullion coined into half eagles. Although the "fives" were primarily used as reserves and for international payments, eventually the vast majority found their way into the melting pot.

The Capped Head half eagle series, minted from 1813 to 1834, suffered the most destruction from these melts. Made during the period when widespread melting took place, much of the mintage never saw circulation and commonly went straight from the Mint into bullion dealers' hands. Some forty-thousand pieces of "recent mintage" were destroyed in a single Paris melt in 1831. The small quantities that survived the melts before 1834 were decimated by the Mint's later recoinage of the old-tenor pieces.

Making its debut in 1813, John Reich's Capped Head design for the half eagle was copied by Chief Engraver Robert Scot in 1818 and extensively reworked by William Kneass in 1829. Reich modified his earlier Capped Bust design by eliminating the bosom and drapery of Liberty, leaving a large head as the central device, surrounded by thirteen stars with the date below. The reverse, only slightly altered from his 1807 design, depicts an eagle with widespread wings, clutching an olive branch and arrows. Surrounding the eagle are the inscriptions UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and 5 D., with the motto E PLURIBUS UNUM above the eagle's head. While Scot's 1818 revision was a crude copy of Reich's engraving, Kneass' 1829 modification was a distinct change. Diameters were reduced from 25 to 22.5 millimeters, the portrait appeared in higher relief, and a beaded border replaced the denticles of the previous coin.

When discussing this series, the word "rarity" loses its meaning. Although the Philadelphia Mint produced 1,385,612 business strikes and approximately 150 proofs over a 22 year period, there are no common dates. The 1813 is most often encountered, with many of the several hundred survivors probably saved as first-year-of-issue souvenirs. Beginning a list of rarities unique in U. S. coinage is the 1814, with only a few dozen pieces known. The following year produced one of numismatics' most celebrated coins, the low-mintage 1815, until this century considered the rarest date in the series. Only twelve pieces survive.

The 1818 and 1820 issues are occasionally available, with the latter date appearing more frequently. Coins of 1819 and 1821 are much more elusive. The 5D/50 variety of 1819, with only seven examples known, is rarer than the 1815 issue but has never achieved equal fame. Next is the legendary 1822 half eagle, perhaps the greatest rarity of all U.S. coins and one of the most famous. Only three specimens exist today, with two permanently impounded in the Smithsonian Institution. When this coin appeared at public auction in 1982, it realized an astounding $687,500 in the famed "Eliasberg Sale."

It's believed that 40-50 examples exist dated 1823, making it one of the more "common" dates of this type. For 1824, only 20 or so pieces are known. In 1825, there were two overdates struck, 1825/1 with perhaps 15-20 examples extant, and 1825/4, another icon of rarity: only two pieces exist. Both 1825/4 half eagles are in private collections, with the second example unknown until 1970, when it was found in a Michigan bank vault as part of the N. M. Kaufman collection. Following this legendary coin are a string of elusive to impossible issues including 1826, 1827, 1828 and 1828/7, with survivors ranging from fewer than six pieces (1828/7) to as many as two to three dozen (1826). The final year of the large diameter coins, 1829, is about equal to 1828/7 in rarity, trailing only the 1822 and 1825/4 pieces.

In 1829, the transition was made to striking half eagles with a close collar, essentially a steel ring with vertical grooves inside. This innovation imparted a reeded edge to the finished coin and allowed smaller, standardized diameters. The new reduced size coins debuted with another landmark rarity, the 1829, an issue with perhaps 10 survivors in existence today. Two varieties followed in 1830 and 1831, with either large or small 5D, and approximately 75 examples are known of each date. A few dozen pieces exist for each year from 1832 through 1834, but only six specimens can be traced of the 1832 variety with twelve stars, making it rarer than the more ballyhooed 1815 and 1819 coins. Seeing little circulation, the majority of surviving coins are in grades ranging from XF to mint-state. Wear on this design first begins to show on Liberty's cap and hair, and on the eagle's wings and claws. Counterfeits are occasionally seen, including some crude 19th-century replicas of key dates.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Diameter: 1813-1829: 25 millimeters

1829-1834: 22.5 millimeters

Weight: 8.75 grams

Composition: .9167 gold, .0833 silver

Edge: Reeded

Net Weight: .2578 ounce pure gold

Mint Mark: None. All minted at the Philadelphia Mint.

Courtesy Numismatic Guarantee Corp. (NGC).